Gender Inequality in Modern Hong Kong Society - 9403 Words

The Title Gender Inequality In Modern Hong Kong Society. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.i LIST OF GRAPHS...............................................................................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...ii LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....ii 1 Abstract 1 2 Thesis Statement 2 3 Methodology 3 4.1 Recommendation to Reduce Gender Inequality in Work Place 4 4.2 Recommendations About Gender Equality in the Education 5 4.3 Recommendation to Reduce Gender Inequality Within Families 6 4.4 Recommendation to Reduce Gender Inequality in Media 8 4.5 Recommendation to Reduce†¦show more content†¦However, most people know how to solve the problem of gender inequality, as most of the respondents will complain to the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) and complain to the company managers. In the employment part of research, men employees have higher opportunities to engage in high-level positions, but there is no evidence to show that to be laid off due to employees’ genders. In the education part of research, from the results of survey, it shows only a small degree of gender inequality in education system. Most of interviewees will spend the same proportion on their sons and daughters. For family part, we find that the gender inequality exists in families. The expectation of women is getting higher, they only need to take care the family, and also need to bear economic burden. Also men still hold more power than women, they act as a leader in decision-making. In media part, over a half of interviewees agreed that mass media always creates gender inequality, specially TV and magazines. We also find that gender inequality exists in politics nowadays, women have less opportunity to be elected, and in the villages of New Territories women have no rights for votin g and electing. 2 Thesis Statement Recognising that men and women, should have equal status for human rights In Hong Kong, we have Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) and the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination AgainstShow MoreRelatedSocial inequality is a necessary evil of capitalist society‚Äà ¹. Please comment with the reference of the sociology perspectives being discussed in the lecture and textbook.2012 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿2. Social inequality is a necessary evil of capitalist society†. Please comment with the reference of the sociology perspectives being discussed in the lecture and textbook. Social inequality exists in every society, no matter it is capitalist society or communist society. Yet, referring from three of the sociology perspectives, it proves that social inequality is a necessary evil of capitalist society. Capitalism affects the whole situation of different countries on different aspects, examplesRead MoreWomen s Public Image And Policies Essay2344 Words   |  10 Pageschance to pursue education or even to vote, and now gender equality has became one of the most discussed topic in the nation. Even though many countries and cities are involved in the evolution of gender equality, their attainments on the issue vary, like the United States and Hong Kong. In the U.S., women are being presumed as incapable to finish hard task by themselves, or undeserved for a higher position in corporations. On the other hand, Hong Kong employs women on higher position, however, women’sRead MoreBusiness in Hong Kong Essay7716 Words   |  31 Pagesï » ¿ Global Business Cultural Analysis: Hong Kong Moultre Spencer BUSI 604-International Business August 16, 2013 Presented for Frank Romanoski Abstract Hong Kong is a country with a perspective on morals, values, and administrative ways which is a general reflection of the region of Asia which is based under Chinese rule. There are successes and failures with the process of change which are important. The effects of Hong Kong’s financial crisis can be a recovery with structuralRead MoreDo Schools and Mass Media Contribute to Stereotyped Gender Roles in Chinese Society?1586 Words   |  6 PagesGender role is defined as the social position and behavioral norm that is considered appropriate for an individual of a specific gender in the society (Liu, 2003). Every society has its unique culture and gender role is one of the products of a society’s history and culture. It is not set up by a single person within a short period, but by countless people in the society for thousands years. Parents started to shape their children’s gender by dressing and naming them according to their gender soonRead MoreChinese Consumer s‚Äà ´ Perceptionof Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr)8887 Words   |  36 PagesMathew Yeung ABSTRACT. The findings of this article increase our understanding of corporate social responsibility from the consumers’ perspective in a Chinese setting. Based on primary data collected via a self-administered survey in Shanghai and Hong Kong and results of similar studies conducted in Europe and the United States, we provide evidence to show that Chinese consumers are more supportive of CSR. We also show that Carroll’s pyramid of responsibilities can be applied in China. We evaluatedRead MoreCultural Proximity And Cultural Distance1523 Words   |  7 Pagesserved as a representation of Asian modernity through the discourses like the development of urban consumerism, the expansion of middle class, changes in gender/sexuality relationships and circulation of popular culture in the 90s.[ â€Å"Iwabuchi† pp12] When the non-Japanese young audiences watched Japanese TV drama, they would think of the modern lifestyle in of Japan is their real imaginary and desire for constructing of their countries’ modernity in the future. Furthermore, Iwabuchi’s concept of culturalRead MoreChinese Gendercide1719 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence study that â€Å"A positive parameter estimate for the sex-ratio variable suggests that a large relative proportion of older single men†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (C. Cindy Fan and Youqin Huang 1998, pp:251- 275) Generally, these will become a heavily burden of while society in the future. In a larger sense, it will lower the efficiency of the economy. Second, according to the models in text book, it will cause a general decrease in male labor participation. The surplus labor supply of men would not fully fit theRead MoreEquality Between Men And Women1824 Words   |  8 Pagesbetween men and women has been for want of life, beautiful imagination of attitude to life, it turns out, however, from the ancient to the nearly, the phenomenon of inequality between men and women are always exist and never stable, as is known to all, women oppressed and gender inequality is a common phenomenon existing in the class society, different social division of labor pattern determines the men s and women s status in the social production and the function is different, also formed a set ofRead MoreEducation in the New Powerhouse Economies: Catching Up or Leading the Way?5758 Words   |  24 PagesLingard 2010). Globalisation has led to the â€Å"breakdown of political barriers and †¦ unprecedented developments in information and communication technologies (ICTs)† (Aneja 2010:58). As a result, India has shifted from an agrarian society to a knowledge-based economy and society (Neelakantan 2007) while China’s economy â€Å"[which was] projected to become the world’s largest within two decades† (Keating 2009:550) has necessitated a â€Å"large-scale education system† (Tsang 1991:56). Both nations have strivedRead MoreNorth-South Divide1613 Words   |  7 Pagesmany of its constituent countries were reclassified as developing, despite being geographically northern. At the same time, geographically southern nations previously considered developing, such as the  East Asian Tigersor  Turkey, have joined the modern  First World, but are classified inconsistently in maps showing the North-South divide.[citation needed]  Similarly, dependencies of developed nations are also classified as Southern, although they are part of the developed world.[4]. On an ideological

The Early Days of the Christian Church Sin and Salvation

Introduction In the early days of the Christian Church, the focus was on defining what it meant to be a Christian. At the same time, the church was plagued with controversies on the nature of God and Christ. While the church worked to establish doctrine on the nature of God and, Christ a controversy arose concerning human nature. The controversy started in the 5th century when Pelagius a British spiritual director heard a bishop quote from Augustine’s Confessions. The quote stated, â€Å"Grant what you command and command what you will†. Pelagius believed the quote allowed humans to avoid taking responsibility for choosing to sin. Pelagius’ views on the nature of sin and grace not only conflicted with Augustine’s views but they conflicted with the church’s views. Prior to the controversy, the church’s main concern had been for Christians to resist evil thoughts and desires. Moreover, like Augustine the early fathers believed that Adam’ s fall was the reason for human sin and death. As a result, the controversy required a response from the church on the nature of sin and grace. Sin - Pelagian View Although, Pelagius and Augustine agreed that evil is a product of human will they disagreed on the nature of sin and grace. Pelagius believed evil thoughts originate from the devil, which cause us to sin. In addition, he did not believe sin resulted from the fall in the Garden of Eden. In his debate with Augustine, Pelagius argued that, â€Å"Evil is not born withShow MoreRelatedBaptism Is A Sacred Rite1715 Words   |  7 Pages1. A. What is baptism? Baptism is a sacred rite that admits a candidate into the Christian community. Baptism is used by most Christian variants to signify the person’s initiation into the beliefs and practices of the Christian community. Baptism is a purifying ritual generally involving water, and welcomes one into the Christian community. Most Christian variants recognise baptism as necessary for redemption of the soul. Baptism is a ceremonial act undertaken after a person accepts Jesus ChristRead MoreIntroduction. Historically, Baptism Has Not Been Understood1659 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate has divided Christians over the years, and it is mainly focused on what the purpose and merits of Baptism are; of whether baptism should be only for adults or infants as well; or on the correct mode of baptism. As any debate, there are two sides to each area. We will analyze all of them to gain a wider perspective on what it means to get baptized. Purpose and Merits of Baptism As stated before, one thing Christians agree on is that baptism is not an optional practice. Christians have recognizedRead MoreThe Bible : Finding God Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesGod in History The Bible provides Christian readers with an array of different themes and motifs within each book, but the main theme that encompasses the whole collection of works is the story of salvation history. Salvation history is the foundation and glue that holds together the wide compilation of books within the Bible. After the Fall of Adam and Eve, salvation history refers to God’s promise of salvation for human kind. The Bible is described as salvation history because the Bible tells theRead MoreThe Sacred Text And The Principal Beliefs Of Christianity1738 Words   |  7 Pagesbeliefs into a systematic theology that draws from its sacred writing and tradition. While the main beliefs of Christianity are shared by all Christian variants, there are degrees of different in the interpretation of these beliefs and how they are lived out in everyday life. This can be seen in the important of sacred text, principle belief of the concept of salvation in John 3:16, principle belief of divi ne and humanity in ‘John 1:14’, principle belief of resurrection in ‘Mark 16:1-8’, principle beliefRead MoreAn Analysis of Christianity1094 Words   |  5 Pages1.Beliefs 1.1Jesus Christ Christians believe that, as the Messiah, Jesus was anointed as ruler and savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfilment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept. The core Christian belief is that, through the death and resurrection of Jesus,sinful humans are reconciled to God and thereby attain salvation and the promise of eternal life. While thereRead MorePaul of Tarsus Essay - Significant Teachings1419 Words   |  6 PagesSaul of Tarsus) is widely considered to be central to the early development and adoption of Christianity. Many Christians view him as an important interpreter of the teachings of Jesus. Little is known of the birth and early childhood of Paul, then known as Saul. It is known in the scriptures that he was born in the city of Tarsus (Acts 22:3) located in the Roman province of Cilicia around the year 5 A.D. Saul left his home during his early a dolescence and was taken to Jerusalem for his formal educationRead MoreThe Sacred Rituals Of Christianity Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesof Christianity, called sacraments, vary greatly between Christian denominations. Yet other practices are common to virtually all forms of Christianity. Most Christians attend worship services at church on Sundays where worshipers generally sing and pray and a sermon is brought forth. Most churches have a special ritual for ordination, or designating a person fit for a leadership position in the church. At home, most practicing Christians pray regularly and many read the Bible. Although there areRead MoreThe Resurrection Of Jesus Christ Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Christian faith is essential foundation of it faith. In the trinity Jesus Christ is the second person. Jesus died on the cross and rose from the dead physically, and because of his sacrifice all people are under the righteous judgment of God because all people have sinned against God. However, through his death it gave man an opportunity to obtain salvation and to live a righteous life. It teaches that Jesus is the only way to be saved from the coming judgment of God and that salvation is receivedRead MoreJesus Relationship On The Law And The Christian Believer s Relationship1328 Words   |  6 Pages1. Explain Jesus relationship to the law and the Christian believer s relationship to the law. Jesus is the fulfiller of the law, meaning that he came to carry out God’s promises in the covenant as well as the prophet’s prediction of the coming messiah. Jesus fulfilled the law of the Ten Commandments by never sinning even when tempted forty days and forty nights. It is important to note that he did not discipline himself in all of the Jewish laws like working on the Sabbath or eating certainRead MoreThe Religious Law Of Judaism1492 Words   |  6 PagesSynagogue and they worship mostly on Saturday. The church and state are separate. Judaism was founded to be unknown, but the founder is Moses or Abraham. Also Judaism was founded in Palestine. The original language is Hebrew. Judaism had little early expansion. It was mostly in Palestine. Judaism’s major splits were reform / orthodox, in the 1800’s.Jews vary their views on the scared text. They have one good and one bad human nature. The means of salvation is that the belief in god, also the good dee ds

Diagnostic Methods & Treatment Of Tiopronin †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Diagnostic Methods And Treatment Of Tiopronin. Answer: Name Class and Structure of Tiopronitin Tiopronin contains acylatedsufhydryl and is a derivative of glycine. It has reducing and complexing properties (16). Tiopronin cleaves disulfide bonds found in cystine molecules, and then bind the sufhydryl group of the monomers of cysteine (5). These results in the formation of Tiopronin-cysteine-mixed disulfide, that is readily soluble in water (more than cystine) and thus can be readily excreted. This can help to reduce cystine concentration in urine, and therefore can be used to treat formation of cystine stone (4). Biochemical Pathway (Substrates/Precursors) Cystine is the substrate for biochemical pathway for Tiopronitin and the precursor form is -Ethylxanthogenpropionylglycin, -Benzylmercaptopropionylglycin, 2-(2-benzoylsulfanylpropanoylamino) acetic acid, (2-Bromo-Propionylamino)-Acetic Acid (5). Tiopronin can affect secretary pathways of Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi, Lissome, and Vesicles, particularly the kidneys. In effect, it can be involved in any activity where cystine is involved (5). The principle metabolite is 2-mercaptopropionic acid (2-MPA) (6). Effects of Manipulator Cellular/ Tissue level: Tiopronin can augment the levels of intracellular cysteine by disulfide exchange reactions. An increased availability of cysteine causes an augmentation in the formation of cystathionine. Also helps to maintain low levels of intercellular cystine. Molecular basis of cystinuria is linked with the failure of the cellular transport system, caused by mutation in SLCA1 and SLC7A9 genes (8). These genes code for a heterodimer that helps to reabsorb filtered cystine from the proximal tubule of nephron. Extensive protein binding occurs in the plasma by forming disulfide bridges (7). Organism level: Reduction in the concentration cystine in urine reduces the risks of kidney stones. Tiopronin is absorbed slowly.Peak concentration is reached 3-6 hours after ingesting. It is 100% excitable via urine. Half-life is about 53 hours (8). Total renal clearance (total and unbound) at 3.3 to 13.3 L/Hr. High doses can interfere with the maintenance of pregnancy and fetus viability (19). Biochemical synthesis: N substituted glycines are substrates for peptidylglycine a-amidatingmonooxygenase. [Figure 1: Preparation from thiorphan. Source] Tiopronin is synthesized from its precursor molecules, and then the crystals are extracted. There are 4 synthesis routes for the preparation of Tiopronin. Each route starts from a of the precursor molecule, mentioned above (9). [Figure 2: Tiopronin preparation. Source: www.ebi.ac.uk] Crude Tiopronin (TPN) is thiol containing glycine derivative. It is extracted by ethyl acetate (EA) from aqueous solution, evaporated and concentrated to get TPN crystals. TPN dissolved in deionized water is extracted by EA reagent by counter current extraction (10). Co factor activity: Pyridoxine is a cofactor for alanine glycoxilate aminotransferase (AGT), which catalyses the conversion of glyoxilate to glycine, which is the parent molecule of Tiopronin (15). Deficiency of AGT causes the formation of oxalate from glyoxalate (3). Half Life: Tiopronin has a long half-life of 53 hours. However, in the unbound state the drug fraction of Tiopronin can be eliminated from blood plasma with 1.8 hours of calculated half-life. Toxicity: Due to recycling process of Tiopronin, the overall level of toxicity is increased in bloodLong term carcinogenicity and mutagenicity studies on the effect of Tiopronin have not been done. Experimental animal studies have shown an interference with the processes that maintain pregnancy and viability of fetus (12). The possibility of teratogenicity has not been ruled out; due to the usage of Tiopronin, since d-penicillamine (a drug that has similar mechanism) is has been related to teratogenicity (20). Tiopronin is not recommended for breastfeeding mothers, and its safety in usage for children below 9 years has not been established (11). Research The recent research work has highlighted upon few of the important characteristics that is related to the metabolism of alcohol that is influenced by the activity of Tiopronin. From experimental studies, it is clear that effects of Tiopronin have little or no significance in the alcohol level of blood (13). This is due to the fact that all the changes that are done in the level of alcohol can be altered due to the fact that the changes are reversible. The biochemical reactions that occur in the blood alcohol level are reversible (2). Diagnosis Most of the diseases related to the activity of Tioproninare caused due to alter in the rate of metabolic reactions. It has been seen that oral health disease is caused due to the effects of Tiopronin. Cystinuria is also one of the names of the disease that is caused due to the effects of Tiopronin (14). The cysteine stone is one of the genetic disorders that is caused due to the activity of Tiopronin. This one of the major genetic autosomal disorders, which can be prevented through possible medication that includes through penicillamine (15). Treatment The treatment can for the disorder for Tiopronin can be treated with the gene therapy. The dosage of the medication depends upon the type of therapy. The medication is followed by plenty of water as an important part of the diet. The dosage of the medication depends upon the body weight of the patient (1). The side effects that are associated with the disease includes that of skin complications and other forms of hypersensitivity reactions. The quality of the life of the patient worsen due to the adverse side effects associated with the medication (17). Policy The legal policy related to that of treatment of Tiopronin is related with that of the ethical concerns associated with that of gene therapy. The legal procedures also follows the policy that are associated with that of the drugs (18). The selling of the drugs related to that of Tiopronin has be done under particular trade license of drug and chemical selling. It is also essential for the drug manufacturer to provide detail and relevant information about the composition of the drugs. The manufactures also have the legal duty to make necessary precautions for all forms of adverse situations that are associated with the use of the drugs (5) References Koene S, Smeitink J. Metabolic manipulators: a well-founded strategy to combat mitochondrial dysfunction. Journal of inherited metabolic disease. 2011 Apr 1;34(2):315-25. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. tiopronin [Internet]. Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2017 [cited 13 October 2017]. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/tiopronin#section=Top Uda J, Wakamatsu H, Yamagami N, inventors; Ajinomoto Kk, assignee. Method of producing n acyl alpha amino acids. United States patent US 3,766,266. 1973 Oct 16. Claes DJ, Jackson E. Cystinuria: mechanisms and management. Pediatric Nephrology. 2012 Nov 1;27(11):2031-8. Lopez-Tobar E, Herna?ndez B, Ghomi M, Sanchez-Cortes S. Stability of the disulfide bond in cystine adsorbed on silver and gold nanoparticles as evidenced by SERS data. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 2013 Jan 10;117(3):1531-7. Fattah H, Hambaroush Y, Goldfarb DS. Cystine nephrolithiasis. Translational andrology and urology. 2014 Sep 1;3(3):228. Saravakos P, Kokkinou V, Giannatos E. Cystinuria: current diagnosis and management. Urology. 2014 Apr 30;83(4):693-9. Sela M, White Jr FH, Anfinsen CB. Reductive cleavage of disulfide bridges in ribonuclease. Science. 1957 Apr 12;125(3250):691-2. Meister A. Biochemistry of the amino acids. Elsevier; 2012 Dec 2. Tang Z, He Z, Li H, Guo D, Zhao Z. Process Intensification in Tiopronin Extraction. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications. 2016 Dec 1;7(6):433. Huo S, Shi H, Liu D, Shen S, Zhang J, Song C, Shi T. Kinetics and mechanism of reactions of the drug tiopronin with platinum (IV) complexes. Journal of inorganic biochemistr 2013 Aug 31;125:9-15. Huo S, Jin S, Zheng K, He S, Wang D, Liang X. Preparation and characterization of doxorubicin functionalized tiopronin-capped gold nanorods for cancer therapy. Chin Sci Bull. 2013 Aug 23;58:4072-6. ac.uk E. ChEMBL [Internet]. Ebi.ac.uk. 2017 [cited 13 October 2017]. Available from: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/bioactivity/results/1/cmpd_chemblid/asc/tab/display

Malcom x learning to read free essay sample

Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925. He was one of the most articulate and powerful leaders of black America during the 60s. Malcolm X dropped out of school after 8th grade. Shortly after this he got involved in criminal activity and eventually ended up in prison. Prison motivated him to further his reading and become literate. He wrote letters to Mr. Elijah Muhammad of the Islam Nation, about the rarely told story of the â€Å"black man† in history. Some of his literacy sponsors were prison, the Nation of Islam, and injustices of the â€Å"white man† throughout history and the incorrect views. During the civil rights movement, he emerged as the leading spokesman for black separatism, a philosophy that urged black Americans to cut political, social, and economic ties with the white community. Malcolm X convinced the readers to obtain achievement though self-education. He started out not knowing anything but how to survive as a street hustler. We will write a custom essay sample on Malcom x learning to read or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then later on checking out books from the prison library and underlining and highlighting words he was not familiar with which ended up helping him expand his once none existent vocabulary. While reading books by Elijah Muhammad, the founder of the Nation of Islam, he discovered the truth behind what was written in history books. The book showed him how history had been covered up by the whites, â€Å"Book after book showed me how the white man had bought upon the world’s black, brown, red and yellow peoples every variety of the sufferings of exploitation. † Malcolm X took his ability to read and his new outlook on life to educate black people in an effort to change the world. He tries to inspire his audience; if he can teach himself with an 8th grade education then others can too. He was inspired by the minister Elijah Muhammad and he impacted his life because Elijah Muhammad was the main reason he wanted learn how to write and read and not just stumble over words he didn’t know. During this time African Americans were working toward gaining political and economic rights. More than ever the African American community needed some type of leadership and inspiration to guide them through such a grueling stage in history. Malcolm X was one of the most influential voices of the civil rights movement. The topic â€Å"Learning to read† was to inform us how Malcolm X learned to read and write and his strong passion for knowledge. There is some talk about how the white man has done evil deeds to nonwhites and Malcolm X does show his unfortunate dislike towards the white man because of history. Overall, Malcolm X focuses on how time has given him the opportunity to learn more than many people can ever hope to learn. Malcolm X being in jail all those years was well needed, because if he was out in the streets hustling then he would have never gained that thrive and excitement for knowledge that he lacked.

Women Essay Example

Women Essay Our group wrote and designed a brochure to briefly explain ecofeminism as well as give suggestions on where to go for more information and how to support animal rights and ecofeminism. The brochure also clarified the historic link between feminism and animal rights through examples of well-known feminists who were also advocates of animal rights and a vegetarian lifestyle. One of the reasons ecofeminism speaks to us is that we are able to make concrete changes to make our daily lives consistent with our beliefs. We attempted to get this idea across in the brochure – that oppression is not a natural state, and there are many ways individuals can help create a space free of oppression. We wanted a simple way to give people information about what we’ve learned all semester. It worked out well; quite a lot of students stopped by our booth and talked to us, and we handed out all of the brochures we had printed. Many students who were interested in animal rights said that the y would check out more information about ecofeminism, and many students interested in feminism said they appreciated the links we made between oppression of women and oppression of nature/animals. The brochure we made included as much information as possible without overwhelming readers with new information. As students stopped by our booth and asked questions, we took the opportunity to talk about the differing voices present in ecofeminism. Several students were interested in the history of the women’s health movement and its place in ecofeminism. Additionally, we made clear in our discussions that although ecofeminism has its roots in an idea of women being connected to nature, that connection has been questioned by cross-cultural and international ecofeminists. As Huey-li Li points out in Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature, there are ways to connect the dots between the oppression of women and the oppression of nature and animals without falling back on essentialist notions of womanhood that defines ‘woman’ as being somehow closer to nature than male aggressors/hunters. Li also argues that the Western connection between women and nature is not universa l, something that became apparent in discussing ecofeminism with students at the fair. This foundation of Western ideology has the potential to alienate women across the globe who might otherwise find ecofeminism believable. Ecofeminism is made weaker for this lack of inclusion of different experiences of nature and gender. We will write a custom essay sample on Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Concepts of Factor Analysis

Concepts of Factor Analysis Introduction Factor analysis is a useful exploratory tool which is helpful in determining the number of factors that should be extracted. The factors that are extracted are those that have a meaningful share of variance and the rest of the variables and their interrelationships are discarded.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Factor Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Variables which exhibit maximal correlation are clustered together while variables with equivalent minimal correlations are also grouped together. In the end, it becomes possible to establish a relationship(s) or factors which display the data candidly leaving out the less significant factors out. An interpretation of the factor loadings is essential in correlating extracted factors with meaningful variables (Newcastle University, 2007). For this project, the aim is to find out commonalities that are likely to exist between four variable s i.e. rath (Rathus assertiveness Scale), crwone-marlowe (Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale), axin (â€Å"Anger in† scale) and axout (â€Å"Anger out† scale). Complete_mooney_bp.sav dataset based on the four variables was used to conduct Factor analysis. It is speculated that up to three factors are measured by the four instruments (scales). Descriptive statistics and correlations All the factors have the same sample size, N = 63. The mean for crowne-marlowe is.6829 and a standard deviation of.0762. Axin had a mean of 2.2560 with a standard deviation of.4543 while axout had a mean of 2.1071 with a standard deviation of.4277. Finally, the mean for rath was 3.3860 with a standard deviation of.4370. From the means, it is evident that rath i.e. assertiveness is the most important factor in determining anger in, anger out or even social desirability as it has the highest mean of 3.3860, followed by axin, axout and crowne-marlowe social desirability is the least influ ential variable. In summary, the Rathus assertiveness scale has the highest likelihood of being among the factors that should be retained. The â€Å"Anger Out† scale, the â€Å"Anger Out† scale and the Crowne-marlowe desirability scales then follow in that order.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Pearson correlation coefficients and their single-tailed significance values are presented in Table 2. There is a weak negative Pearson correlation between axin and crowne-marlowe and this is statistically significant, r = -.247, p =.026. A negative and weak Pearson correlation also exists between axout and crowne-marlowe but this is not statistically significant, r = -.197, p =.060. Rath and crowne-marlowe have a very weak positive correlation which is not statistically significant, r =.048, p =.353. There is a weak negative correlation between axout and axin which is not statistically significant, r = -.005, p =.486 whereas the correlation between rath and axin is negative but statistically significant, r = -.383, p=.001. There exists a weak positive correlation between rath and axout and the correlation is statistically significant, r =.286, p =.012. All correlations between variables and themselves are 1. Communalities Table 3 indicates the communalities prior to and after extraction. The extraction method utilized in this case is the principal component analysis whose assumption is that there is commonness in all variance. That is the reason why the communalities for all factors are 1 prior to extraction. The ‘’extraction† column provides the common variance exhibited in the data structure. It is therefore correct to say that 65.6 percent of variance associated with crowne-marlowe is common/shared variance or.656 of variance is explained by crowne-marlowe. A communality of.697 for axin after extraction indicates that 69 .7 percent of variance associated with axin is shared variance, which can also be stated that.697 is the amount of variance in axin that is explained by the two retained factors (factor 1 and factor 2). A communality of.703 for axout after extraction implies that 70.3 percent of variance associated with axout is shared variance or.703 is the amount of variance in axout that is explained by factor 1 and factor 2 as the retained factors. Finally, a communality of.733 for rath is an indication that 73.3 percent of variance associated with rath is common variance or.733 is the amount of variance in rath that is explained factor 1 and factor 2. Consideration for whether to use the Kaiser criterion (where factors with eigenvalues above 1 are retained) or the Scree Plot in determining the factors that should be retained is made depending on the sample size, number of variables and average communality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Factor Analysis spe cifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Field (2005) explains that the Kaiser’s criterion is used if average communality is at least 0.7 and the variables are not more than 30. In addition, the same criterion is considered if the sample size is more than 250 with an average communality of at least 0.6. Failure to meet any of the above conditions calls for the use of the Scree Plot bur the sample size has to be large enough i.e. at least a sample size of 300. In this project, the average communality was 2.789/4 =.69725, there were 4 variables and the sample size was less than 250. As such, the Kaiser’s criterion was applied since the communality is approximately 0.7 and the variables are less than 30 and hence the first condition was met. This led to the retention of all factors with an Eigen value above 1 (Factor 1 and Factor 2. Even going with the Scree Plot (Figure 1) which is suitable for sample sizes that are larger than 300, the fir st point of inflexion is after the second factor and it is clear that the Eigenvalue is greater than 1. It is therefore justifiable to retain two factors only i.e. the first and the second factor, since they lie above eigenvalue 1 and appear before the graph starts to flatten. Variance explained The Eigenvalues associated with every factor (linear component) prior to extraction and after extraction are provided in Table 4. Prior to extraction, it is evident that there were 4 linear components in the complete_mooney_bp.sav dataset. The variance explained by every factor is given by correspondent Eigenvalues and these are displayed in percentage form. In that case, factor 1 explains 37.636 percent variance whereas factor 2 explains 32.102 percent variance. Only two factors have Eigen values greater than 1 in this dataset and therefore only the two factors are extracted (factor 1 and factor 2) and the other two factors can be considered as non-significant. The Eigenvalues and percentag e variance for the two extracted factors are again displayed under the ‘Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings’ column.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is evident that the cumulative variance that is explained by both factor 1 and factor 2 (extracted factors) is 69.738 percent variance. From the ‘total variance explained’ output, it becomes clear that the largest variance is given by factor 1 and factor 2 and discarding the rest of the factors is justifiable. Component matrix Table 5 is a component matrix table prior to rotation and the loading of each variable onto the two extracted factors is provided. In this case, all loadings were produced where the loading of crwone-marlowe onto extracted factor 1 is.327 and -.741 onto factor 2. Axin has a loading of -.782 on factor 1 and a loading of.290 onto factor 2. The loading of axout onto factor 1 was.343 whereas the loading of axout for factor 2 is.766. Finally, the loading of rath onto factor 1 is.818 with the loading of rath onto factor 2 being.253. It is also possible to view Table 5 as correlations between variables and the various unrotated factors. In that case, the correlation between crowne-marlowe and factor 1 is.327 whereas the correlation between crowne-marlowe and factor 2 is -.741. The correlation between axin and factor 1 is -.782 while the correlation between the same variable and factor 2 is.290. The correlation between axout and factor 1 and factor 2 is.343 and.766 respectively. Finally, the correlation between rath and factor 1 is.818 and the correlation between rath and factor 2 is.253. It is evident that rath has and axin has the highest loading/strongest correlation with factor 1 while crowne-marlowe and axout have the highest loading on factor 2. Since the highest load on factor 1 is rath, it is arguable to label factor 1 as assertiveness (based on Rathus Assertiveness Scale). On the other hand, axout seems to have the highest loading on factor 2 and thus it is arguable that factor 2 can be labeled as tendency to let anger out. From the interpretations of the component matrix it appears that the researcher was mainly/or shou ld concentrate on finding out the relationship between assertiveness and tendency to express anger out. In other words, it is evident that at least two factors are measured by both the Rathus Assertiveness Scale and the â€Å"Anger Out† scale. Indeed, it can be said that the more an individual is assertive, the less likely the individual is to hold anger â€Å"in.† In other words, assertive individuals tend to express anger more openly. Increased assertiveness leads to decreased tendency to hold anger in. Summary Factor analysis is helpful in determining which variables should be retained by looking for variables with maximal relationships. From the above factor analysis, it has been demonstrated that among the four variables i.e. Rathus Assertiveness Scale, Crowne-Marlowe Desirability Scale, â€Å"Anger Out† scale and â€Å"Anger In† scale, there exists stronger correlations between factor 1 and Rathus Assertiveness Scale and factor 2 with â€Å"Anger O ut† scale. This is demonstrated by high means for these variables and the fact that they are the only factors that are extracted, or meeting criteria for extraction in the analysis. The variances explained by the two factors have a lion share in the total variance with a cumulative variance of 69.738 percent being registered for factor 1 and factor 2. The variance that is explained by factor 1 alone is large enough (37.636%) to qualify the factor for retention. This is the same with factor 2 which explains 32.102% of the variance. Moreover, both factor 1 and factor 2 have eigenvalues above 1. Finally, the loadings of the two factors on the variables are of significance with factor 1 having a loading of.818 onto rath (Rathus Assertivness Scale) while factor 2 had a loading of.766 onto factor 2. It is from these observations that it is concluded that factor 1 can be labeled as the Rathus Assertiveness Scale while factor 2 is labeled as â€Å"Anger Out† scale. These two va riables are therefore essentially important in the study and for sure, assertiveness and tendency to express â€Å"anger out† can be measured by these two instruments (scales). Appendix Table 1: Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics Mean Std. Deviation Analysis N crowne-marlowe .6829 .07621 63 axin 2.2560 .45427 63 axout 2.1071 .42766 63 rath 3.3860 .43697 63 Table 2: Correlations of all Factors Correlation Matrix crowne-marlowe axin axout rath Correlation crowne-marlowe 1.000 -.247 -.197 .048 axin -.247 1.000 -.005 -.383 axout -.197 -.005 1.000 .286 rath .048 -.383 .286 1.000 Sig. (1-tailed) crowne-marlowe .026 .060 .353 axin .026 .486 .001 axout .060 .486 .012 rath .353 .001 .012 Table 3: Communalities-Before and after Extraction Communalities Initial Extraction crowne-marlowe 1.000 .656 axin 1.000 .697 axout 1.000 .703 rath 1.000 .733 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Table 4: Total Var iances (Variance and Cumulative Variance) Total Variance Explained Component Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % 1 1.505 37.636 37.636 1.505 37.636 37.636 2 1.284 32.102 69.738 1.284 32.102 69.738 3 .688 17.204 86.941 4 .522 13.059 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Table 5: Component Matrix Component Matrixa Component 1 2 crowne-marlowe .327 -.741 axin -.782 .290 axout .343 .766 rath .818 .253 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. a. 2 components extracted. Figure 1: Scree plot of Eigen Value against Component Number Reference Field, A. P. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd edition). Sage: London. Newcastle University. (2007). How to perform and interpret Factor Analysis using SPSS. Retrieved from https://www.ncl.ac.uk/

Manage change task 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Manage change task 2 - Research Paper Example In most cases, organizational change tends to be radical and can lead to reorientation of the business. Organisational change tends to be deep seated, thereby impacting the stakeholders of the company as well (Smith, Vasudevan and Tanniru). Organisational change is based on external factors and these factors impact the organisation and also act as driving forces in a number of times. Benefits of Change Specialists: Change in an organisation means an impact on the processes of an organisation. This impact can be very wide spread or simply concentrated on one aspect of the business; however it does create major ripples in the organisation. Consulting or hiring a change consultant is crucial for a business attempting change and the benefits of hiring a change consultant is very high (Hiatt and Creasey). Firstly, change management consultants are experienced and well versed with the various aspects and change and have clear resources as well as methods of dealing with change. Also, chang e management consultants have the expertise to manage communication within the organisation, which is crucial. Change is not well accepted in most organisations and having a change consultant, who can communicate the change details effectively, makes the process smoother and more effective (Nelson and Aaron). Consultants of change also design the communication plans, training and development plans, documentation, improvements of the organisation, career development plans, and also the designing, developing of plans to bring about the improvements within the organisation. Also, consultants work with the clients and learn their requirements, make the project plans and also work on the tasks and value added solution. Change management is a professional job and it is best left to individuals with the expertise for it. Need for Change: Strategic change involves a number of changes to the organisation as a whole. Hence before an organisation decides to make a strategic change to itself, a few questions and areas need to be considered. These include the following: Firstly, is the organization a start up business? If yes, then implementing a strategic change is crucial and is a necessity rather than a luxury. The strategic change plan helps identify the business plan and also helps in linking all other elements like marketing plan, financial plans, management plans and also communication plans together (Smith, Vasudevan and Tanniru). Secondly, the next question that the company needs to ask itself is, Are we planning for a new major venture? Here if the company is opting for a major venture like product expansion or brand extensions, new department or division etc, then it is crucial for the businesses to implement strategic change. Is the company due for the annual strategic plan update? If so, it is crucial that the company has the strategic change plan developed and set as well. Companies need to focus on the various performance meters within the organisation and k eep a tab on the trends. This will help the company determine whether or not a change management is necessary or not. Strategic Objectives: The rationale and objectives for any change management program are important aspects. Objectives are in most cases specific and achievable and in most cases these objectives are the most

Relationship between Business Level Strategy, Corporate Level Strategy Essay

Relationship between Business Level Strategy, Corporate Level Strategy and Network Level Strategy - Essay Example As the report discusses successful business level strategies depend on sound customer base. Identification of the groups of customers, the needs and preferences of those customer groups and the core competencies that the firm will be using to satisfy the customer needs form the basis of the business level strategies. Thus the key issues the firm should address while deciding on the business level strategies are the nature of goods and services the firm wants to offer the customers, how to produce such goods and services and how the goods and services can be efficiently be distributed. Once formed the business level strategy reflects where and how the firm has an advantage over its rivals. This paper stresses that Corporate Level Strategy specifies actions the firm takes to gain a competitive advantage by selecting and managing a group of different businesses competing in several industries and product markets. A corporate level strategy value is determined by the degree to which the different segments of businesses will prove worth to continue under the same management of the company than they would be under any other form of organization or ownership. Thus an effective corporate level strategy creates across all the business units of the firm cumulative returns that will exceed those returns which the company would earn without the corporate strategy. It also contributes to the strategic competitiveness of the firm. The firm’s ability to earn above-average returns would also be improved.... Once formed the business level strategy reflects where and how the firm has an advantage over its rivals. (Slater and Olsen 2000) 3.0 Corporate Level Strategy: Corporate Level Strategy specifies actions the firm takes to gain a competitive advantage by selecting and managing a group of different businesses competing in several industries and product markets. Markides (1997) describes that a corporate level strategy is expected to help the firm earn above-average returns by creating values just as with the diversified firm's business level strategies. A corporate level strategy value is determined by the degree to which the different segments of businesses will prove worth to continue under the same management of the company than they would be under any other form of organization or ownership. Thus an effective corporate level strategy creates across all the business units of the firm cumulative returns that will exceed those returns which the company would earn without the corporate strategy. It also contributes to the strategic competitiveness of the firm. The firm's ability to earn above-average returns would also be improved. 4.0 Network level Strategy: The Network level strategy defines inter-organizational relationships. Having access to multiple collaborations increases the likely-hood that additional competitive advantages will be formed as the set of resources and capabilities being shared expand. (Rudberg & Olihager 2003) One of the primary benefits of a network level strategy is the firm's opportunity to gain access to a multitude of firms' resources and capabilities. When this happens the probability greatly increases, that partners will find unique ways to uniquely share their resources and capabilities to form competitive advantages.

Assesment Reporting Essay Example for Free

Assesment Reporting Essay Reporting and Resource Development Kate McGrath Student ID 11479964 Emt446 Assessment, Reporting and Resource Development 08 Fall 08 Fall Indicative Time Allocation The HSC course is 120 hours (indicative time). The following table shows the appropriate amount of time you should spend on each unit of work. HSC modules| Approx. number of weeks| Hours | The Australian Food Industry| 8 weeks| 25| Food Manufacture| 12 weeks| 40| Food Product Development| 12 weeks| 40| Due week 10 Weight 20%| Food manufacture ‘ Developing the undeveloped’Students are to research an Australian Food product and analyse the chosen product from ‘Farm to fork’. This includes the process of transforming the raw materials into a new product. The level of manufacturing and of the organisation will influence the amount of information gathered and the processes used. The assignment should include: manufacturing diagram, HACCP, QA, QU, principles of preservation along with external impact. Due week 10 Weight 25%| Product Design ‘The never ending design’Students are design, develop, create and produce a food item which caters for high school students. This item must be relevant to their recommended daily intake and the requirement that it helights, the food item must also have appeal to this target market. The food item must be designed for consumption for breakfast, recess or lunch, and is to be consumed at school. The limitationas that this places must be explored and addressed along with a list of product criteria. The food item can be a breakfast food item, a snack consumed during recess or a lunch product. The product must be relevant to the recommended daily intake for teenagers ager 13-17, the food item must also have appeal to this target market. The product must be justified as to how it meets these requirements. A series of tests and surveys must be conducted in establishing the target market and the products ability for success, this will be written in experimental format as found on page 261 of foodtech in action text.

The link between capital market and economic growth in Rwanda

The link between capital market and economic growth in Rwanda 1.1 Background Today most economies around the world are judged by the performance of their capital markets. The potential role of financial markets in economic growth has been well documented. Most African countries including those in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have recently under gone financial sector reforms such as restructuring and privatizing of state owned banks and establishment of capital markets. In the literature there are different views on the link between capital markets and economic growth of a nation. North (1996) shows that, differences in economic institutions are the major sources of cross-country differences in economic growth and prosperity. High quality institutions have a positive influence on the depth and development of the financial sector of nations. This proposed research will mainly consult with the literature about the link between capital market and economic growth and the role that institutions play in capital markets and try to pinpoint and relate these to the Rwandan context. In developed capital markets households are the major participants as investors. Saunders and Cornett (2004) claimed that in the United States, households are the single largest holders of corporate stock. However, the capital markets of least developed countries are very shallow in terms of capitalization because of a limited number of listed companies and limited participation of households (savers) either due to lack of capacity or lack of awareness as to the capital markets. Therefore this study will also examine the impact of the households (savers) in the capital markets in least developed countries in Africa including Rwanda. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Despite a surge of global investor interest in the 1980s and 1990s, Africa has been bypassed by the massive international capital flowing to developing economies. Aggregate capital flows to developing countries have been rapidly exceeding official development assistance flows since 1980s. However, Africa remains the only developing region in which development assistance flows exceeds private capital flows (Senbet and Otchere, 2006). This was mainly attributed to the lack or absence of a well developed financial sector (capital markets, banks, finance companies, life insurance companies, and insurance companies) and the poor economic policies and institutions in African countries. Capital markets are a vital part of an economy making it possible for industry, trade and commerce to flourish without any obstacle in terms of resources. The financial markets serve a vital purpose in the growth and development of a company that wants to expand. For such companies with expansion plans and new projects in need of funding and investors looking for a better return, the financial market is the best platform. The private sector usually lacks access to credit facilities. Investment, growth and economic welfare are all too low in developing countries. This is more severe in Africa, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (Platt, 1998). Most African countries, particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa, have recently undergone extensive financial sector reforms. The reform package includes restructuring and privatization of state owned banks, the introduction of private banking systems, along with bank supervisory and regulatory schemes, the introduction of a variety of measures to promote the development of financail markets; including money and stock markets (Senbet and Otchere, 2006). Rwandas economy primarily depends on agricultural productivity. The industry and service sectors are not entirely developed to push the economy towards higher growth. Rwandas long-term development plan, as articulated in Vision 2020, seeks to transform Rwanda into a middle-income country and an economic trade and communications hub by the year 2020. An effectively functioning financial sector is a fundamentally important and essential element for achieving this objective.   Rwanda seeks to develop a financial sector that is effective, in particular, by  expanding access to credit and financial services; enhancing savings mobilization, especially long term savings; and mobilizing long-term capital for investment. A key strategic goal of the Vision 2020 plan is to make Rwanda an economic trade and communications hub in the heart of Africa.   This will require significant investment in infrastructure in the form of roads, power, rail, airports and telecommunications.   These plans also call for the active participation and expansion of the private sector in Rwandas economy which will require long term investment in infrastructure and industry, which can only be provided through the mobilization of domestic savings through capital markets.   The Rwanda capital market now referred to as the Rwanda Over the Counter (OTC) market was established by the Capital Market Advisory Council in January 2008. It is from this perspective the researcher is undertaking this study to see the link between capital market and economic growth in Rwanda. How does Rwanda stand to benefit from this capital market? 1.3 Purpose of the study The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate and review the literature on the link between capital market and the economic growth and prosperity of a nation, particularly in Rwanda. This study will also examine the importance of institutions for the performance of capital markets and households (savers) contribution to the capital market so that companies can raise the required capital easily in a country where financing is limited to the banking sector and yet accessible only to a few big private companies and state owned enterprises. 1.4 Objectives of the study The objectives of this proposed study are mainly to find out: Whether capital market is an alternative towards the economic growth of least developed countries such as Ethiopia. The role of institutions toward the development of capital market. Whether households savings will make a real impact on the overall performance, liquidity, and market capitalization of the capital market in Rwanda. 1.5 Research questions This thesis is intended to answer the following questions: Is a capital market an alternative towards the economic growth of least developed countries in general and for Rwanda in particular? Will institutions be vital for the performance of capital market in Rwanda? Will domestic savings in Rwanda have a role to play in the capital market? 1.6 Scope of the study This study presents the different views as to the link between capital markets and economic growth, and the role that institutions play in the performance of capital markets. The focus being the capital market in Rwanda; it also investigates the impact of households savings on capital market in Rwanda. 1.7 Significance of the study The researcher intends to collect data in order to analyse the link between capital market and economic growth in Rwanda. This study will examine the role of institutions toward the development of capital market as well as the impact of the households (savers) in the capital market in Rwanda. Additionally, this research is to fulfill the requirement of the Masters degree in Business Administration. 1.8 Definitions of terms Financial sector: The Reserve Bank of Australia (www.rba.gov.au/Glossary/text_only.asp), defines financial sector as the sector of the economy that comprises financial institutions and financial markets. Financial institution: A company whose primary function is to intermediate between lenders and borrowers in the economy. (www.rba.gov.au/Glossary/text_only.asp). Institutions: in this proposed study institutions could be defined as follows: Definition 1 (Businessdictionary.com) Establishment, foundation, or organization created to pursue a particular type of endeavor, such as banking by a financial institution. Definition 2 (Businessdictionary.com) Consistent and organized pattern of behavior or activities (established by law or custom) that is self-regulating in accordance with generally accepted norms. For example, political institutions are involved with (and regulate) competition for power; and economic institutions (such as markets) encourage and regulate production and distribution of goods and services. Least Developed Countries (LCDs): In its latest triennial review of the list of Least Developed Countries in 2003, the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations used the following three criteria for the identification of the LDCs, as proposed by the Committee for Development Policy (CDP): a low-income criterion, based on a three-year average estimate of the gross national income (GNI) per capita (under $750 for inclusion, above $900 for graduation); a human resource weakness criterion, involving a composite Human Assets Index (HAI) based on indicators of: (a) nutrition; (b) health; (c) education; and (d) adult literacy; and an economic vulnerability criterion, involving a composite Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) based on indicators of: (a) the instability of agricultural production; (b) the instability of exports of goods and services; (c) the economic importance of non-traditional activities (share of manufacturing and modern services in GDP); (d) merchandise export concentration; and (e) the handicap of economic smallness (as measured through the population in logarithm); and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters. REFERENCES LIST Demirguc-Kunt, A., Maksimovic, V. (1996). Stock Market Development and Corporate Finance Decisions. Finance Development, 33(2), 47-50. North, D. C., Weingast, B. R. (1996). Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England. In L. J. Alston, T. Eggertosson D. C. North (Eds.), Empirical Studies in Institutional Change: Cambridge University Press. Nyong, Michael O. (1997): Capital Market Development and Long-run Economic Growth: Theory, Evidence and Analysis First Bank Review, December 1997: 13-38. Samuel, Cherian (1996): Stock Market and Investment: The Governance Role of the Market The World Bank Review Volume 10 Number 2. Saunders, A., Cornett, M. M. (2004). Financial Markets and Institutions (2 ed.). New York: Mc Graw-Hill/ Irwin. Senbet, L. W., Otchere, I. (2006). Financial Sector Reforms in Africa: Perspectives on issues and policies. In B. Francois B. Pleskovic (Eds.), Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics: Growth and Integration (Senegal Proceedings). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. www.rba.gov.au/Glossary/text_only.asp Rwanda financial sector development program (2007). Retrieved January 12, 2011, from www.bnr.rw/ www.cmac.co.rw Businessdictionary.com http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/list.htm

Performing Arts Essay

* Dance is a type of art that generally involves movement of the body, often rhythmic and to music. * Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence. * Theatre (also theater in American English)[1] is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. History The term â€Å"Performance Art† got its start in the 1960s in the United States. It was originally used to describe any live artistic event that included poets, musicians, film makers, etc. – in addition to visual artists. If you weren’t around during the 1960s, you missed a vast array of â€Å"Happenings,† â€Å"Events† and Fluxus â€Å"concerts,† to name just a few of the descriptive words that were used. It’s worth noting that, even though we’re referencing the 1960s here, there were earlier precedents for Performance Art. The live performances of the Dadaists, in particular, meshed poetry and the visual arts. The German Bauhaus, founded in 1919, included a theater workshop to explore relationships between space, sound and light. The Black Mountain College (founded [in the United States] by Bauhaus instructors exiled by the Nazi Party), continued incorporating theatrical studies with the visual arts – a good 20 years before the 1960s Happenings happened. You may also have heard of â€Å"Beatniks† – stereotypically: cigarette-smoking, sunglasses and black-beret-wearing, poetry-spouting coffeehouse frequenters of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Though the term hadn’t yet been coined, all of these were forerunners of Performance Art. By 1970, Performance Art was a global term, and its definition a bit more specific. â€Å"Performance Art† meant that it was live, and it was art, not theater. Performance Art also meant that it was art that could not be bought, sold or traded as a commodity. Actually, the latter sentence is of major importance. Performance artists saw (and see) the movement as a means of taking their art directly to a public forum, thus completely eliminating the need for galleries, agents, brokers, tax accountants and any other aspect of capitalism. It’s a sort of social commentary on the purity of art, you see. In addition to visual artists, poets, musicians and film makers, Performance Art in the 1970s now encompassed dance (song and dance, yes, but don’t forget it’s not â€Å"theater†). Sometimes all of the above will be included in a performance â€Å"piece† (you just never know). Since Performance Art is live, no two performances are ever exactly the same. The 1970s also saw the heyday of â€Å"Body Art† (an offshoot of Performance Art), which began in the 1960s. In Body Art, the artist’s own flesh (or the flesh of others) is the canvas. Body Art can range from covering volunteers with blue paint and then having them writhe on a canvas, to self-mutilation in front of an audience. (Body Art is often disturbing, as you may well imagine.) Additionally, the 1970s saw the rise of the autobiography being incorporated into a performance piece. This kind of story-telling is much more entertaining to most people than, say, seeing someone shot with a gun. (This actually happened, in a Body Art piece, in Venice, California, in 1971.) The autobiographical pieces are also a great platform for presenting one’s views on social causes or issues. Since the beginning of the 1980s, Performance Art has increasingly incorporated technological media into pieces – mainly because we have acquired exponential amounts of new technology. Recently, in fact, an 80’s pop musician made the news for Performance Art pieces which use a Microsoft ® PowerPoint presentation as the crux of the performance. Where Performance Art goes from here is only a matter of combining technology and imagination. In other words, there are no foreseeable boundaries for Performance Art. Characteristics of Performing Arts †¢ Performance Art is live. †¢ Performance Art has no rules or guidelines. It is art because the artist says it is art. It is experimental. †¢ Performance Art is not for sale. It may, however, sell admission tickets and film rights. †¢ Performance Art may be comprised of painting or sculpture (or both), dialogue, poetry, music, dance, opera, film footage, turned on television sets, laser lights, live animals and fire. Or all of the above. There are as many variables as there are artists. †¢ Performance Art is a legitimate artistic movement. It has longevity (some performance artists, in fact, have rather large bodies of work) and is a degreed course of study in many post-secondary institutions. †¢ Dada, Futurism, the Bauhaus and the Black Mountain College all inspired and helped pave the way for Performance Art. †¢ Performance Art is closely related to Conceptual Art. Both Fluxus and Body Art are types of Performance Art. †¢ Performance Art may be entertaining, amusing, shocking or horrifying. No matter which adjective applies, it is meant to be memorable.

Studying chromosome 11 of the human genome

In this paper I will be studying chromosome 11 of the human genome. Specifically, I will be researching some of the diseases that occur when there are mutations in the genes on chromosome 11. Five specific diseases will be looked at and studied in detail: the Sickle Cell Anemia gene, the MLL gene which causes Trisomy 11, the H19 gene which causes Beckwith-Weideman Syndrome, the WT1 and PAX6 genes which causes Wilm's Tumor syndrome, and finally, the work being done on the genes of Chromosome 11q22-q24 regarding cervical carcinoma. The following research was all acquired from the NCBI online database. Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory System The HBB gene which causes Sickle Cell Anemia, is found on chromosome 11p15. 4. This gene causes an inherited blood disorder, mainly effecting people from the African continent (1/500), but also people from the Mediterranean and South Asian countries. (NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) Approximately 8% of the African American population are carriers; often, this gene is associated with malaria occurrence, as carriers are somewhat protected against malaria. (NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal (not sex related) recessive disease caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin beta gene. When a mutation occurs, the HBB gene produces a structurally abnormal hemoglobin (Hb), called HbS. (NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) Hb is a protein which carries oxygen and gives red blood cells their distinctive color. In individuals who are homozygous for HbS, the abnormal HbS can bunch together, distorting the red blood cells into sickled shapes [as shown in Figure 1]. These clusters can only occur if the HbS is placed under certain circumstances or conditions, such as high hemoglobin concentrations or low oxygen levels. NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) When the mutated and rigid red blood cells become trapped within small blood vessels, they block the vessels causing pain and eventual damage to the organs in the body. (NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) Although a cure has not yet been found, medical advancements have allowed for the treatment of symptoms and complications associated with Sickle Cell Anermia. Hydroxyurea, an antitumor drug, has been used to induce the formation of fetal Hb (HbF), which is normally found in the fetus or newborn. When fetal Hb is present in persons with Sickle Cell Anemia, Hydrozyurea can prevent sickling from occuring. NCBI Online, 24 June 2003) The MLL gene which causes Trisomy 11 is located on chromosome 11q23. A mutation in this gene is a â€Å"very rare chromosomal disorder caused by a duplication (trisomy) of the end (distal) portion of the long arm of chromosome 11. † (Genetic Information and Patient Services, November 2003) This disorder is most often noticeable at birth; some characteristic features of the disorder are â€Å"delayed mental and physical development, retarded growth of the fetus during pregnancy and of the child after birth, an unusually small brain (microencephaly), and/or distinctive facial features. (Genetic Information and Patient Services, November 2003) The MLL gene can produce a type of leukemia which effects both sexes and mainly adults at an average age of 60. (Dessen & Huret, 2002) In general terms, trisomy refers to â€Å"the condition of having three copies of a given chromosome in each somatic cell rather than the normal number of two. † (Dictionary. com) The leukemia is specifically acute myeloid leukemia or AML. This syndrome is caused by only a partial tandem duplication of the MLL gene on chromosome 11. Dessen & Huret, 2002) A recent study has shown that â€Å"MLL tandem duplications are less common than previously reported. † (Schnittger, October 2003) Also, the MLL tandem duplications â€Å"are preferentially observed in AML with normal karyotypes, but can also be found in the presence of chromosome alterations. † (Schnittger, October 2003) Two scientists, Cheryl Shuman and Rosanna Weksberg studied the Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, also referred to as BWS syndrome. The information for BWS syndrome is from their reports on their studies. Their studies show that â€Å"chromosome abnormalities involving 11p15 are found in 1% or less of cases. † (Shuman, 10 April 2003) This syndrome can occur with mutations of many different genes on chromosome 11: mutations in genes IGF2 and H195, 5-10% of sporadic cases and 40% of familial cases had mutations in the CDKNIC gene, 50% of cases had a loss of methylation at the KCNQIOT1 gene, and in 10-20% of patients, â€Å"paternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 11p15 [was] observed. † (Shuman, 10 April 2003) In diagnosing BWS, two major and one minor characteristic must be obvious out of a list of possible criteria. Some major criteria include: history of BWS in the family, macrosomia, abnormal earlobe pits or creases, an embryonal tumor in childhood, Hemihyperplasia (an asymmetric overgrowth of a area/areas of the body), and possibly a cleft palate. (Shuman, 10 April 2003) Some minor criteria include: premature birth, Neonatal hypoglycemia, advanced bone aging, and monozygotic twinning (usually in the females). (Shuman, 10 April 2003) If one parent has uniparental disomy (UPD), then prenatal testing is done to test for BWS syndrome in the fetus. Shuman, 10 April 2003) Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is found in approximately 1 out of 13, 700 cases across the world. However, this number is probably slightly low as there are many milder cases that often go undiagnosed. In children born with BWS, there is a 20% mortality rate due to premature birth. Often, children born with BWS develop Wilms Tumor or other tumors. (Shuman, 10 April 2003) Dr. Alan Gandy summarizes Wilms tumor as an â€Å"embryonal renal neoplasm which is characterized usually by an abdominal mass. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) Wilms tumour is caused by the deletion of the gene WT2-1 on chromosome 11p13. Proper function of this gene is to encode a DNA-binding protein that is most often found in the fetal kidney â€Å"and in tissue that gives rise to the genitourinary system. † (Gandy, 1 March 1995) The DNA-binding protein is expected to be a â€Å"Kruppel-like zinc-finger protein. † (Gandy, 1 March 1995) However, the inactivation of WT2-1 causes the Wilms Figure 2: Wilms Tumor tumor. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) This tumor is prevalent in 1/12 000 live births and is the second most common extra cranial solid tumor in children. The tumor appears in the kidney soon after birth (6 months-10 years)[as shown in Figure 3] and is related to other cancers. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) Wilms tumor is frequently a symptom of other gene mutations, such as BWS and WAGR syndrome. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) Features of the Primary Wilms tumor include abdominal mass [as shown in Figure 2], abdominal pain, hypertension, and anemia etc. Metastases occurs in the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, brain and other areas to a lesser extent. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) Depending on the stage of the tumor, different actions can be taken to cure the tumor. Surgery (removal of the kidney and lymph nodes) and chemotherapy are both used as ways to manage the tumor. However, as the stages progress, likelihood of a cure is reduced. (Gandy, 1 March 1995) Studies done by G. M. Hampton et al. show that there are genes or a gene on chromosome 11 that has the ability to â€Å"[suppress] tumorigenicity in cell lines derived from different histopathological types of cervical carcinoma, suggesting that aberration of this gene(s) may represent at least one of the additional changes required for tumorigenic progression. ( Hampton, 19 July 1994) The suppressor gene specified is between 11q22 and q24. A study was performed on 32 patients with cervical carcinoma to conclude which genes were required for tumorigenic progression. â€Å"Of the 32 patients examined, 14(44%) demonstrated clonal genetic alterations resulting in loss of heterzygosity for one or more markers. Seven of the clonal genetic alterations on chromosome 11 were specific to the long arm, and the overlap between these and other allelic deletions suggest that a suppressor gene(s) relevant to cervical carcinoma maps to chromosome 11q22-q24. â€Å"( Hampton, 19 July 1994) In conclusion, Chromosome 11 of the Human genome contains over 1000 genes. Of the many, this essay looks at 5 specifically in order to gather information on the genes of this chromosome. Through the closes study of Sickle Cell Anemia, Trisomy 11, Beckwith-Weideman Syndrome, Wilm's Tumor syndrome, and the genes of Chromosome 11q22-q24 regarding cervical carcinoma, one can gather a better understanding of the genes on chromosome 11, and the type of mutations that occur. Although the Humane Genome Project is relatively new, there is already much information that has been revealed and still much more to be discovered.

Independence as Nations, comparing hati, america, and france essays

Independence as Nations, comparing hati, america, and france essays Although Haiti, America, and France begin their independence around the same time era, their ways of receiving their independence was very much identical. Social classes have a huge impact on the status of a country. The way that these social classes influenced these countries were the direct cause of their independence. The people and the ideas of those people would cause a spark of events leading to an independent country. Well, if independence is the question then it is necessary to focus on what had been happening in the colonial period in the Americas, Haiti, and France. With the development of the European colonies, there were also new systems of government. Although the colonies belonged to the European countries, the leaders who actually governed the region were located in the New World, far away from Europe. As such, little by little the leaders of colonial America realized that they had different interests from those who established the rules for the region. In the case of Latin America, there was also the issue of different social groups: the peninsulares (those born in Spain or Portugal) traditionally had maintained political control in the region, but the growth of the criollo (those of European blood but born in the Americas) and the mestizo (those born of mixed European and Indian blood) populations represented a reasonable test to this power.. After three centuries, independence movements began to spread throughout the region at the end of the 18th century, from Virginia to Argentina. Beginning with the American Revolution in 1776, the ideas of freedom, equality, and independence were transformed into armed struggles against the powers of Great Britain, Spain, France, and Portugal. In each region, there were revolutionary leaders who stood out: Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington (in the U.S.), Simn Bolivar and Jos de San Martin (South America), Miguel Hidalgo and Jos Mo...

Free Essays on Jackie Robinson

Jackie Robinson: Robinson Changes Americans’ Views on Racism Jackie Robinson was one of the most profound individuals to ever walk on this earth. Robinson established a reputation as a man who never tolerated insults to his dignity (Kahn 6). One of his accomplishments was entering the major leagues and is one of the most remarkable and inspiring accomplishments in sports history. When Robinson became the first black to play in Major League Baseball, he changed Americans’ views on racism forever. Robinson was born the youngest of five children near Cairo, Georgia, on January 31, 1919. Robinson’s father, a sharecropper, left the family when Robinson was only about 2 years old. His mother, Mallie McGriff Robinson, then moved to Pasadena, California to find work (James 5). Trouble found Robinson at an early age, when he became a member of the Pasadena gang (7). Mack, Robinson’s older brother, used sports to become popular not drugs or gangs (8). In the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany, Mack won the silver metal in the 200m-hurdle (13). Learning to deal with criticism early was a major contribution to his success in life. He and his friends would be called racial names while just trying to play baseball at the local park (Kahn 10). Not long after the family moved to Pasadena, California Robinson’s mother enrolled him into Pasadena Junior College. At Pasadena Junior College Robinson set a National Junior College record in the long jump of 25’ 6  ½Ã¢â‚¬  (Ringer 22). After only one year at Pasadena Junior College Robinson received an athletic scholarship to UCLA (23). There, Robinson became the first Bruin athlete to earn varsity letters in four sports (25). Robinson was a standout in football, baseball, basketball and track (26). After three years of college Robinson left college to work to support his mother (29). Several months later, Pearl Harbor was bombed, and he enlisted in the U.S. Army (31). In the Ar... Free Essays on Jackie Robinson Free Essays on Jackie Robinson Jackie Robinson: Robinson Changes Americans’ Views on Racism Jackie Robinson was one of the most profound individuals to ever walk on this earth. Robinson established a reputation as a man who never tolerated insults to his dignity (Kahn 6). One of his accomplishments was entering the major leagues and is one of the most remarkable and inspiring accomplishments in sports history. When Robinson became the first black to play in Major League Baseball, he changed Americans’ views on racism forever. Robinson was born the youngest of five children near Cairo, Georgia, on January 31, 1919. Robinson’s father, a sharecropper, left the family when Robinson was only about 2 years old. His mother, Mallie McGriff Robinson, then moved to Pasadena, California to find work (James 5). Trouble found Robinson at an early age, when he became a member of the Pasadena gang (7). Mack, Robinson’s older brother, used sports to become popular not drugs or gangs (8). In the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany, Mack won the silver metal in the 200m-hurdle (13). Learning to deal with criticism early was a major contribution to his success in life. He and his friends would be called racial names while just trying to play baseball at the local park (Kahn 10). Not long after the family moved to Pasadena, California Robinson’s mother enrolled him into Pasadena Junior College. At Pasadena Junior College Robinson set a National Junior College record in the long jump of 25’ 6  ½Ã¢â‚¬  (Ringer 22). After only one year at Pasadena Junior College Robinson received an athletic scholarship to UCLA (23). There, Robinson became the first Bruin athlete to earn varsity letters in four sports (25). Robinson was a standout in football, baseball, basketball and track (26). After three years of college Robinson left college to work to support his mother (29). Several months later, Pearl Harbor was bombed, and he enlisted in the U.S. Army (31). In the Ar...

Alzheimers disease Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alzheimers disease - Assignment Example There is another gene that is associated with the form of Alzheimer’s disease that people are likely to get as they grow older. The risk of being diagnosed with the disease is greater in those people who have two copies of the gene: one from each parent – than those with one copy of the gene. Genetic tests do not provide enough information to determine with certainty if someone who is genetically predisposed to Alzheimer’s disease will get it. The test indicates a higher risk factor, but it does not necessarily mean that the individual will get Alzheimer’s disease. Since the disease is incurable there is no way for individuals to take preventative measures. The most accurate way for physicians to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease is to examine brain tissue during a biopsy. Physicians determine a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease by reviewing a patient’s medical history, neurological and psychological tests, physical exams as well as a brain scan. A test measuring levels of protein in spinal fluids has often been found to be an accurate test to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease. People with moderate Alzheimer’s disease may benefit from medication that can help to improve memory. Some of these medications include Aricept, Cognex, and Reminyl. These medicines help maintain cognitive functioning. â€Å"FDA-approved drugs temporarily slow worsening of symptoms for about 6 to 12 months, on average, for about half of the individuals who take them†. (â€Å"Alzheimer’s Myths† n.d.).

International human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International human resource management - Essay Example Internal factors revolve around the workers, management and the control of the organisation. When workers have their grievances which are not solved, it is likely to affect the performance of the organisation. On the other hand, external factors include union intervention. In this case, the union is involved in the negotiation of worker’s grievances which directly affect the organisation. For example, the involvement of unions in the organisation affected its operations in the United Kingdom. The availability of numerous unions adversely affects the performance of the organisation as each of the union’s presentation demands critical changes in operations. Working with a single union was an option, but it was highly disputed. Apparently, working with a single union would be a lot easier as the demands or issues raised would be from a single body. However, many unions have diverse modes of presenting their issues which make it hard to consolidate solutions. Initially, the organisation was performing well with the absence of unions. The workers were contented with what the organisation offered making it run smoothly. However, with the induction of other subsidiaries, the organisation has encountered a number of problems. These problems should be solved amicably to ensure achievement of set goals. This is a situation that the HRM should tackle in the meantime to ensure it does not affect the organisation in the near future. Finding a lasting solution would be most welcome as the organisation could record increased growth and better concentration of core issues. Therefore, it is in the best interest of the HRM to garner options in solving the situation (Beardwell and Claydon, 2007:683). There are various options that could be used in containing this situation without disregarding the views of the workers. For example, a research in the affected subsidiaries would expose the situation and how it arises. After

Imagine you are an OD Consultant and need to investigate the working Essay

Imagine you are an OD Consultant and need to investigate the working climate within a hospital. What diagnostic methods of data collection would you use Explain details giving reasons for your answer - Essay Example Moreover, as an organization development practitioner, one is required to be a little bit more sensitive and keen on how they handle and interact with the different groups of staff in the different departments in the hospital hence a lot of knowledge is required in such a situation. The first step would be to collect information on the current working condition which would be either using questionnaires that would be handed out to the staff and also a number of patients, or sampling where the organization development practitioner would interview a number of the staff and patients too. Using the questionnaires alone might have a number of limitations since the staff and patients are limited to the amount of information they give out, so it would be advisable to use both the questionnaires and interviewing (random sampling). Considerably, after collecting data, analysis will follow, which is a major process that requires a lot of focus so as to avoid missing out on the little but significant details that would act as a barrier to development. In any working hospital, they are various groups of staff; for instance, there are those that work during the day and others throughout the night, there are those in charge of the cleaning/ hygiene and those that conduct medical operations that might involve prescribing medication etc. Reflectively, with the different clusters the barriers of development may originate from the top level management or the middle level management and hence it is essential that the OD practitioner be alert and keen to figure out the source of the hospital’s problems. Normally, what should follow after this is feeding back data to the management first and then later on enlighten the staff with the findings; however, this is said to be the hardest part of the whole process since it might involve implementation of new ideas or even changing of the already existing ones. All the same, before

Good Country People by Flannery O’Connor Essay Example for Free

Good Country People by Flannery O’Connor Essay The short story Good Country People by Flannery O’Connor, is didactic literature, with hefty character analysis to portray that people are not who they appear to be. Hulga, a 32 year old woman with a heart condition. O’Connor portrays Hulga as an experience and strong woman, but through analysis Hulga is well educated but childish and weak Hulga obtains a PhD in philosophy and is taught by highly intellectual people. Hulga has the impression of herself that because she has gone to school for many years and obtain her PhD that she is an experienced woman. In the beginning of the story that is how she appears to be. â€Å"Science on the other hand, has to assert its soberness and seriousness afresh and declare that it is concerned solely with what is. † A line underline in blue pencil, therefore it can be inferred that this quote is of importance to Hulga. Hulga, in this sense is to be thought of as well educated because of her exposure and open mindedness to her religious mother and scientific education leaving her to feel as if she is well experienced, when she is only educated. Her mother is religious therefore Hulga being exposed to religion and while in college educated with science and allowing her to make an informed decision on her beliefs, which is atheism. She has a more open mind for she sees what is in front of her and not what just is told to be true. Therefore she is not well experienced but just well educated. Also her lack of experience is evident when her first date is at the age of 32, when in society that happens when a person is an adolescent, therefore inferring that she has missed important stages in life that add to a person’s experience. Leading to the theme people are not who they appear to be. Hulga, appearing to be experienced is only a well-educated woman. Hulga is childish, thus rebuking the original thought of Hulga as experienced. Hulga falls for the multitude of compliments and lies the boy selling the Bible fills her head with. â€Å"You’re a brave sweet little thing and I liked you the minute I seen you walk in the door. † Hulga believes that this is how he truly thinks of her when in reality he is just using her. â€Å"During the night she imagined she had seduced him. † Hulga, holding such thoughts is seen to be childish because one who is not, understands and would realize deep feeling needs to be given time and does not happen overnight. Even though Hulga is portrayed as experienced because she is uneasy about the situation, she is in reality childish because she falls for the boy’s lies. Also she is seen to be a strong woman, but she is not because she did not stand her ground and fell for the boy’s lies. Therefore leading the reader to see that people are not who they appear to be, as Hulga is just as childish as she is educated. Hulga because of her heart condition is depicted to be a strong woman, but she is really a weak and vulnerable human being. She gave a little cry of alarm but he pushed her down and began to kiss her again. Without the leg she felt entirely dependent on him. † Her mental well-being is far from strong. She is weak because without her leg she is left to feel utterly weak and vulnerable and dependable on a boy who she vaguely knows. O’Connor from the beginning of the short story was portraying Hulga to be a woman that was strong, for she had a heart condition that could claim her life at any time but, she still continued on with her life in the form of education. Hulga reserved, spent most of her time alone, leading the reader to believe that she did not need anyone in particular in her life to make her feel as if she was important. But, with insight from this particular scene. the reader can see that she is a pure vulnerable and weak human being for she does not know how to conduct herself in such a situation out of her control; Leading to the theme people are not who they appear to be. Hulga appears to be strong and independent when in reality she is a weak human being. O’Connor’s didactic literature uses character analysis to portray the theme people are not who they appear to be using a 32 year old woman who is disabled and an atheist. O’Connor portrays Hulga to be experienced and strong but when placed in a situation that is unfamiliar to a person, her true colors shows and the reader sees her for who she really is. A well-educated but inexperienced, childish and weak human being, leading to the lesson, people are not who they appear to be.

The Burgess Story Essay -- Paleontologists Science Scientists Essays

The Burgess Story "I don't like to say bad things about paleontologists, but they're really not very good scientists. They're more like stamp collectors. - Luis Alvarez, Physics Nobel Laureate - Luis Alvarez evidently had some very definite ideas about what a good scientist does, and it is especially telling that such a comment comes from a physicist. What could Alvarez have had in mind when he made this remark? He may have been making a mental comparison of the approach commonly used in physics -- that of laboratory experimentation -- with the way the study of paleontology is conducted, A paleontologist is very much a historian -- someone who is involved in the "reconstruction of past events ... based on narrative evidence of their own unique phenomena" (Gould 278). In Alvarez's eyes then, good science is characterised by the experimental approach of experiment, quantification, repetition, prediction, and restriction of complexity to a few variables that can be controlled and manipulated" (Gould 277). This seems to me too narrow a definition. Such an approach can hardly be used in fields such as paleontology, which study the occurrence of one-off events such as evolution. I n cases such as these, what standards can we use to determine whether something is admissible as good scientific practice? Philosophers of science such as Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn have each come up with their own ideas of what constitutes good science. Can they perhaps shed some light on other possible definitions of good science? Can these other definitions of good science be generalised to all disciplines of science? Popper and Kuhn have proposed strictly theoretical ideas -- It remains to be seen whether a concrete example of scientific resear... ...se pressures? The critenia for good science is jmportant so that the scientist remembers not to cave in to these pressures, and the layperson remembers that scientists can be fallible. Works Cited Gould, Stephen Jay. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W.W. Norton, c1989. Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. Kuhn, Thomas S. "Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research?" Criticism and the growth of knowledge: proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science, London, 1965. Vol 4. Eds. hnre Lakatos, Alan Musgrave. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Popper, Karl R. Conjectures and refutations: the growth of scientific knowledge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963. Feymnan, Richard P. "Cargo Cult Science" The Burgess Story Essay -- Paleontologists Science Scientists Essays The Burgess Story "I don't like to say bad things about paleontologists, but they're really not very good scientists. They're more like stamp collectors. - Luis Alvarez, Physics Nobel Laureate - Luis Alvarez evidently had some very definite ideas about what a good scientist does, and it is especially telling that such a comment comes from a physicist. What could Alvarez have had in mind when he made this remark? He may have been making a mental comparison of the approach commonly used in physics -- that of laboratory experimentation -- with the way the study of paleontology is conducted, A paleontologist is very much a historian -- someone who is involved in the "reconstruction of past events ... based on narrative evidence of their own unique phenomena" (Gould 278). In Alvarez's eyes then, good science is characterised by the experimental approach of experiment, quantification, repetition, prediction, and restriction of complexity to a few variables that can be controlled and manipulated" (Gould 277). This seems to me too narrow a definition. Such an approach can hardly be used in fields such as paleontology, which study the occurrence of one-off events such as evolution. I n cases such as these, what standards can we use to determine whether something is admissible as good scientific practice? Philosophers of science such as Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn have each come up with their own ideas of what constitutes good science. Can they perhaps shed some light on other possible definitions of good science? Can these other definitions of good science be generalised to all disciplines of science? Popper and Kuhn have proposed strictly theoretical ideas -- It remains to be seen whether a concrete example of scientific resear... ...se pressures? The critenia for good science is jmportant so that the scientist remembers not to cave in to these pressures, and the layperson remembers that scientists can be fallible. Works Cited Gould, Stephen Jay. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W.W. Norton, c1989. Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. Kuhn, Thomas S. "Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research?" Criticism and the growth of knowledge: proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science, London, 1965. Vol 4. Eds. hnre Lakatos, Alan Musgrave. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Popper, Karl R. Conjectures and refutations: the growth of scientific knowledge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963. Feymnan, Richard P. "Cargo Cult Science"

Contributors to the Evolution of American Higher Education System

The evolution of Higher Educational System the United States can be attributed from several components. Among these attributes are the 1944 GI Bill of Rights and the appointment of the President's Commission on Higher Education by President Truman in 1946. Such significant contributions not only greatly affected the American Education System during those times but also served as catalysts that continue to benefit the modern society. These also paved the way improvement, acceleration and the widening the system of education as well as has opened opportunities for Americans of past, present and future generations.The significant development of the American higher education system can be traced from the enactment by President Franklin Roosevelt on June 22, 1944 of the â€Å"GI Bill of Rights† which was also called as the â€Å"Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944† (cited in Greenberg, 2007, p. 47). The law changed the American economic and social standpoints since among i ts provisions provided veterans of World War II an easy and immediate financial assistance by means of unemployment insurance.Most importantly, the law gave American veterans big opportunities such as vocational and practical activities relating to college learning as well as free access to housing and business loans (Greenberg, 2007). One of the permanent legacies of the GI Bill of Rights is now the ordinary impression that anyone can and should have education irrespective of â€Å"age, sex, race, religion, or family status† (Greenberg, 2007, p. 49). The law was also noted for bringing back the veterans' interest in education, majority of who have not achieved even secondary diplomas because of the World War II.With the provision of a better quality of higher education which the veterans have longed for, the law provided a broad and lasting acceptance of the notion that learning, particularly post-secondary or college education is the Americans' pathway to an improved employ ment and life (Greenberg, 2007). Aside from providing Americans from all walks of life a practical access to higher education, the GI Bill of Rights has also altered the definition of college learning in public awareness starting from 1950s until today.Before the war, the system was characterized mostly by â€Å"private, liberal arts, small-college, rural, residential, elitist, and often discriminatory from institution to institution with respect to race and religion† (Greenberg, 2007, p. 50). However, the current higher education system now is noticeably public that centers on â€Å"occupational, technical, and scientific education, huge, urban-oriented, suitable for commuter attendance, and highly democratic† (Greenberg, 2007, p. 50).At present, the system focuses and offers quality cultural, learning and financial aspects of higher education instead of just authorization of the upper members of the society. Lastly, the law is best noted as one factor that led to tre mendous social change. Since there was shake up of perspectives as regards â€Å"sex, religion, and race,† the law subjected even the ordinary Americans to liberated ideas of the society by means of higher education (Greeberg, 2007, p. 51). Meanwhile, a lot of veterans returned to college or post-secondary education in 1946.The heavy influx of students and industrialization of the economy, however, overstressed the system, curriculum and facilities. Additionally, the increasing number of war veterans studying again aggravated the existing educational problems being experienced by regular college students. This is because the group of veterans has to struggle it out with the American youth in their pursuit of a quality higher education. Hence, both the two groups increased the demands of college education.However, government assets and means of instrument are unable to adapt with the requirements such as an increased enrollees as well as variety of needs and involvements of bo th the veterans and youth as college students (Alexander, 1998). With the above situation in 1946, President Truman established a â€Å"President's Commission on Higher Education† and said that â€Å"we should now reexamine our system of higher education in terms of its objectives, methods, and facilities; and in the light of the social role it has to play† (President's Commission on Higher Education, 1947).The committee was composed of 28 prominent and outstanding Americans such as professionals and laymen like George F. Zook. The group immediately worked and in December of 1947, made a 377-page report titled â€Å"Higher Education for American Democracy† which was composed of six volumes under the following titles: â€Å"Establishing the Goals, Equalizing and Expanding Individual Opportunity, Organizing Higher Education, Staffing Higher Education, Financing Higher Education and Resource Data† (President's Commission on Higher Education, 1947, pp.1-3, 5- 8, 25-29, 32-39, 47-49). With a task to carry out what President Truman has said and define the obligations of colleges and universities, the commissions worked it out with the said educational facilities but were initially unsatisfied with the results. This is because education experts noted an apprehensive sense of failure or defect in the system. They also felt that the facilities are unable to keep up with the pace of the ever-changing state of the system as the society.Additionally, they see a need to re-pattern everything in order to meet the needs and address the concerns of the veterans and youth students which eventually will bring out the effectiveness of the modern education and system and society Moreover, the escalating desire of Americans to aspire for college education and critical necessity for such effective system became the determining factors for the need to improve the execution of the conventional tasks.This, in effect, eventually enabled the system, to assume the new challenge such the as re-entry in college of war veterans as the growing number of youth students, who are both motivated to improve their worth as a free and educated Americans (Alexander, 1998). The above-cited commission and measure are both significant as they greatly contributed on the evolution of the American Higher Education System. This is because the improved system of American higher education enabled the achievement of a more quality of living and democracy in the country for the reason that the benefits equally extended to all citizens.The GI Bill of Rights and 1947 President's Commission on Higher Education have proven their existence and worth because they paved the way for renouncing the unfair education practices of discrimination and separation. Moreover, the said two contributors have resulted in leaders' realization of the importance of quality and accessible college education system and equal opportunities in life. Ultimately, higher education system sho uld be targeted at weakening as well as getting rid of learning discrimination and eventually establishing attitude that will offer the system freely accessible to all Americans. ReferencesAlexander, F. K. (1998). The President's Commission Higher Education for Democracy, 1947. The American College and University EOL 474. Retrieved June 20, 2008 from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign database. Greenberg, M. (2007). The GI Bill of Rights. Historians on America: Decisions that Made America (pp. 46-54). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs President's Commission on Higher Education. (1947). Higher Education for American Democracy: A Report of the President's Commission on Higher Education. Washington, D. C. : Government Printing Office.a